Hey, I just found this interesting and related side-issue!
Early sexual maturation influences the development of substance use disorders - 11 Feb 2008A study published in Psychiatry Research suggests that the risk of developing behavioural disorders, including substance use disorders (SUDs), is related to the rate of sexual maturation, and that the number of parents affected by SUDs influences the rate of physiological maturation in their offspring.
The risk for developing SUDs has been shown to be transmissible between generations, with both genetic and environmental influences implicated. In addition, it has been hypothesised that the rate of physiological maturation may also be intrinsically involved in the risk of developing SUDs, with factors such as sex hormones affecting personality and behavioural characteristics relating to self-regulatory behaviour.
Kirillova and co-workers conducted a longitudinal study to determine the relationship between parental SUDs and the rate of sexual maturation, rate of conduct disorder development and rate of SUD development in their male offspring. They hypothesised that parental SUD is related to the males’ faster sexual maturation, which in turn, leads to faster development of behavioural deviance, including SUDs.
A total of 478 males whose fathers had a DSM-III-R diagnosed SUD were included into the study. They were assessed at ages from 9–13 years to 17–20 years for sexual maturation and peer deviance.
The results showed that the number of parents with SUDs (parental liability) is positively related to their sons’ rates of sexual maturation. Those with two affected parents had twice the rate of maturation of those with no affected parents, and a similar trend was observed for one versus no affected parents. Furthermore, the rate of sexual maturation was itself found to be related to the risk for conduct disorder, suggesting that the parental contribution to the development of conduct disorder is in part mediated by the maturation rate.
“This parental contribution can be genetic and/or environmental. On the genetic side, both conduct disorder and SUD liabilities are significantly inheritable and genetically correlated,” Kirillova et al. stated. They proposed that genetic variation that elevates the rate of physiological maturation may lead to earlier, incomplete or suboptimal brain maturation, particularly in the prefrontal cortex, which plays a significant role in self-regulatory behaviour. They also suggested that earlier maturation in the offspring of parents with SUDs may also promote associations with deviant peers.
The authors concluded that their results support the hypothesis that transmission of SUD from parent to male offspring may be mediated, in part, by earlier physiological and sexual maturation, which they stated can lead to reduced self-regulatory behaviour (such as conduct disorder) and a tendency to associate with deviant peers.
Reference
Kirillova, G. Vanyukov, M. et al. 2008, ‘Physical maturation, peer environment, and the ontogenesis of substance use disorders’ Psychiatry Research; 158: 43–53.